科技情报分析研讨课

语言学是经验科学，语料和实验数据最为重要。如何进行田野调查，采集语料，需要进行精心的准备和设计，并且遵循一套系统的方法和标准。目前，语言学也经常采用实验的方法获取数据，那么调查和实验是一种什么样的关系？本次讲座试着围绕这些问题进行讨论。

Major geopolitical restructuring of Europe began in the early 90s following the collapse of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. Did these processes coincide with a cultural transformation of Europe? Using survey data from the European Values Survey and the World Values Study from 1990 to 2014, I assess in what direction European nations have changed their cultural values, in terms of Welzel’s (2013) emancipative and secular value indices. The former Iron Curtain has faded away as a cultural boundary in Europe as the former communist states that joined the European Union have converged culturally with the West. A new, and steeply growing, cultural gap has emerged between the EU and its eastern neighbors. In particular, the two competing geopolitical formations at the west and east of Europe—the European and the Eurasian Unions respectively—have polarized in their fundamental values in recent decades. This may be explained by clashing supranational identities and distinctive roles of political actors and mass media as their tools for influencing public opinion.

Jerusalem and Mecca are probably the most famous pilgrimage destinations of the Near East. But how one can recognize the pilgrimage in the archaeological record? In the past, archaeologists laid a stress on small findings that testify to the pilgrimage movement: cultic artifacts, pilgrims' souvenirs, foreign coins and imported pottery vessels that were brought to the sites. Nevertheless, it seems that there are more recognizable landmarks in the Holy Cities. The analysis which is offered here is based on Jerusalem of the Late Second Temple period, and Mecca of the 19th century, i.e., before the introduction of modern technology. We suggest to recognize a more obvious trace of pilgrimage movement: an anomaly in the water systems. More precisely, it resolves that big unroofed water pools signal for the function of the site as a pilgrimage destination.